Cystoscopy is indicated in many small animal patients, includes presenting with chronic cystitis, pollakuria, hematuria, stranguria, incontinence, trauma, calculi and abnormal radiographs. Use of cystoscopes in male requires either a perineal urethroscopy or the transabdominal approach. The transabdominal approach may also be indicated in female. 

Indications for vaginoscopy and colposcopy (endoscopy of the cervix) include vaginal discharge, bleeding, masses, trauma, incontinence, foreign body removal and stranguria as well as artificial insemination.